The tech titan's core growth engines are firing on all cylinders.When Satya Nadella succeeded Steve Ballmer as Microsoft's (MSFT 0.88%) CEO on Feb. 4, 2014, many investors dismissed the tech giant as a slow-growth stalwart with limited upside potential. But if you had invested $10,000 in Microsoft on Nadella's first day on the job, your investment would be worth$140,000 today and paying out nearly 1,000 in annual dividends.That same investment in an S&P 500 index fund would only be worth about 38,000 tod ...